Q11. What vision condition is characterized by difficulty focusing on nearby objects?
a) Hypermetropia
b) Myopia
c) Astigmatism
d) Presbyopia
Show Answer
Correct Answer: a) Hypermetropia
Explanation: Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness, is a common vision condition in which distant objects are seen more clearly than nearby objects. It occurs when the eyeball is too short or the cornea is too flat, causing light rays to focus behind the retina instead of directly on it. Hypermetropia can be corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery.
Q12. Myopia is also known as:
a) Farsightedness
b) Nearsightedness
c) Astigmatism
d) Presbyopia
Show Answer
Correct Answer: b) Nearsightedness
Explanation: Myopia, also known as nearsightedness, is a common vision condition in which distant objects appear blurred while close objects are seen clearly. It occurs when the eyeball is too long or the cornea is too steep, causing light rays to focus in front of the retina instead of directly on it. Myopia can be corrected with glasses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery.
Q13. Hypokalemia refers to:
a) Low blood sugar levels
b) Low potassium levels in the blood
c) Low calcium levels in the blood
d) Low sodium levels in the blood
Show Answer
Correct Answer: b) Low potassium levels in the blood
Explanation: Hypokalemia is a medical condition characterized by low levels of potassium in the blood. Potassium is an essential electrolyte involved in nerve and muscle function, including regulating heart rhythm and maintaining fluid balance. Hypokalemia can be caused by various factors such as inadequate dietary intake, excessive loss through urine or sweat, or certain medications.
Q14. What is a severe headache often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound?
a) Epilepsy
b) Migraine
c) Cluster headache
d) Tension headache
Show Answer
Correct Answer: b) Migraine
Explanation: Migraine is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of severe headache, often accompanied by symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light, sound, or smell. Migraine headaches can last for hours to days and significantly impact daily activities. They may be triggered by various factors, including hormonal changes, stress, certain foods, or environmental stimuli.
Q15. Obesity is defined as:
a) Excessive body fat accumulation
b) Excessive muscle mass
c) Low body weight
d) Inadequate calorie intake
Show Answer
Correct Answer: a) Excessive body fat accumulation
Explanation: Obesity is a medical condition characterized by excessive body fat accumulation, often resulting from an imbalance between calorie intake and energy expenditure. It is associated with various health risks, including heart disease, diabetes, stroke, and certain types of cancer. Obesity can be managed through lifestyle modifications such as diet, exercise, and behavioral changes.
Q16. Piles are:
a) Swollen and inflamed veins in the rectum and anus
b) Bacterial infection of the skin
c) Inflammation of the liver
d) Chronic inflammation of the pancreas
Show Answer
Correct Answer: a) Swollen and inflamed veins in the rectum and anus
Explanation: Piles, also known as hemorrhoids, are swollen and inflamed veins in the rectum and anus that can cause discomfort, itching, bleeding, and pain, especially during bowel movements. Piles can be internal or external and may result from factors like straining during bowel movements, chronic constipation, or prolonged sitting or standing.
Q17. Rheumatism refers to:
a) Inflammation of the kidneys
b) Inflammation of the joints and surrounding tissues
c) Inflammation of the liver
d) Inflammation of the lungs
Show Answer
Correct Answer: b) Inflammation of the joints and surrounding tissues
Explanation: Rheumatism is a general term used to describe various conditions characterized by inflammation and pain in the joints, muscles, or connective tissues. It encompasses conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gout, and lupus. Rheumatism can cause stiffness, swelling, and reduced mobility, impacting daily activities and quality of life.
Q18. Atherosclerosis is:
a) Hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to plaque buildup
b) Inflammation of the airways
c) Inflammation of the brain
d) Inflammation of the stomach lining
Show Answer
Correct Answer: a) Hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to plaque buildup
Explanation: Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular condition characterized by the buildup of plaque (composed of cholesterol, fats, and other substances) inside the arteries, leading to their hardening and narrowing. This reduces blood flow to vital organs and tissues, increasing the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other cardiovascular events.
Q19. Arteriosclerosis refers to:
a) Hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to plaque buildup
b) Inflammation of the airways
c) Inflammation of the brain
d) Inflammation of the stomach lining
Show Answer
Correct Answer: a) Hardening and narrowing of the arteries due to plaque buildup
Explanation: Arteriosclerosis is a general term used to describe the thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity in the arterial walls. Atherosclerosis is a specific type of arteriosclerosis characterized by plaque buildup inside the arteries. Arteriosclerosis increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases like heart attack, stroke, and peripheral artery disease.
Q20. Uremia is a condition associated with:
a) Excessive urination
b) Kidney failure
c) Liver failure
d) Thyroid dysfunction
Show Answer
Correct Answer: b) Kidney failure
Explanation: Uremia, also known as azotemia, is a medical condition characterized by the buildup of urea and other waste products in the blood due to impaired kidney function. It can result from acute or chronic kidney failure and may lead to symptoms like fatigue, nausea, vomiting, changes in urine output, and neurological disturbances.
Q21. Glycosuria refers to:
a) Presence of glucose in the urine
b) Presence of protein in the urine
c) Presence of blood in the urine
d) Presence of ketones in the urine
Show Answer
Correct Answer: a) Presence of glucose in the urine
Explanation: Glycosuria is a condition characterized by the presence of glucose in the urine, often indicating high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia). It can occur in diabetes mellitus when blood glucose levels exceed the renal threshold, leading to spillage of glucose into the urine. Glycosuria can also occur temporarily during pregnancy or due to certain medications.
Q22. What is the medical term for inflammation of the joints?
a) Arthritis
b) Osteoporosis
c) Osteoarthritis
d) Gout
Show Answer
Correct Answer: a) Arthritis
Explanation: Arthritis is a medical term used to describe inflammation of the joints, which can cause pain, swelling, stiffness, and reduced mobility. There are many types of arthritis, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, and lupus. Arthritis can affect people of all ages and may be caused by various factors, including genetics, autoimmune disorders, and joint injuries.
Q23. Osteoporosis is characterized by:
a) Loss of bone density and strength
b) Excessive bone growth
c) Inflammation of the bone marrow
d) Abnormal curvature of the spine
Show Answer
Correct Answer: a) Loss of bone density and strength
Explanation: Osteoporosis is a bone disease characterized by the loss of bone density and strength, making bones fragile and susceptible to fractures. It often occurs as a result of hormonal changes, aging, inadequate calcium and vitamin D intake, or certain medical conditions and medications. Osteoporosis primarily affects older adults, particularly postmenopausal women.
Q24. Hyperglycemia refers to:
a) High blood sugar levels
b) Low blood sugar levels
c) High blood pressure
d) Low blood pressure
Show Answer
Correct Answer: a) High blood sugar levels
Explanation: Hyperglycemia is a condition characterized by high blood sugar levels, often resulting from inadequate insulin production or resistance to insulin’s effects. It is a hallmark feature of diabetes mellitus but can also occur due to other factors such as stress, illness, certain medications, or hormonal imbalances. Untreated hyperglycemia can lead to complications like diabetic ketoacidosis and long-term damage to organs and blood vessels.
Q25. Hypoglycemia refers to:
a) Low blood sugar levels
b) High blood sugar levels
c) Low blood pressure
d) High blood pressure
Show Answer
Correct Answer: a) Low blood sugar levels
Explanation: Hypoglycemia is a condition characterized by low blood sugar levels, typically below 70 mg/dL. It can occur in people with diabetes who take insulin or certain oral medications, as well as in individuals without diabetes due to factors like excessive alcohol consumption, prolonged fasting, or certain medical conditions. Hypoglycemia can cause symptoms like shakiness, sweating, confusion, and loss of consciousness if severe.
Q26. Pneumonia is an infection that primarily affects the:
a) Lungs
b) Liver
c) Kidneys
d) Stomach
Show Answer
Correct Answer: a) Lungs
Explanation: Pneumonia is an infection that primarily affects the lungs, causing inflammation in the air sacs (alveoli) and leading to symptoms such as cough, fever, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other microorganisms, with bacterial pneumonia being the most common type. Pneumonia can range from mild to severe and may require medical treatment, including antibiotics, depending on the cause and severity.
Q27. Emphysema is a type of:
a) Lung disease
b) Heart disease
c) Liver disease
d) Kidney disease
Show Answer
Correct Answer: a) Lung disease
Explanation: Emphysema is a chronic lung disease characterized by damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, leading to difficulty breathing and reduced lung function. It is often associated with long-term exposure to cigarette smoke or other irritants that cause inflammation and destruction of lung tissue. Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and is irreversible, but symptoms can be managed with treatment.
Q28. Cancer refers to:
a) Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
b) Chronic inflammation of the skin
c) Inflammation of the liver
d) Inflammation of the pancreas
Show Answer
Correct Answer: a) Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
Explanation: Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells, which can invade and destroy surrounding tissues and organs. There are more than 100 different types of cancer, each with its own causes, risk factors, and treatment options. Common types of cancer include breast cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, and colorectal cancer.
Q29. Filaria is a parasitic disease transmitted by:
a) Mosquitoes
b) Fleas
c) Ticks
d) Flies
Show Answer
Correct Answer: a) Mosquitoes
Explanation: Filaria, also known as lymphatic filariasis, is a parasitic disease caused by filarial worms transmitted to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes. The parasites migrate to the lymphatic system, leading to symptoms such as swelling of the limbs, genitals, or breasts (lymphedema), as well as recurrent episodes of fever, pain, and skin lesions. Filaria is a major cause of disability and socioeconomic burden in endemic regions.
Q30. Which of the following is not a symptom of paralysis?
a) Loss of muscle function
b) Tingling sensation
c) Inability to move
d) Weakness in affected muscles
Show Answer
Correct Answer: b) Tingling sensation
Explanation: Paralysis is the loss of muscle function in part of the body and is characterized by the inability to move or control muscles voluntarily. Symptoms may include weakness, numbness, or loss of sensation in the affected area, but tingling sensation typically indicates nerve involvement rather than paralysis itself.
Q31. Which of the following conditions is characterized by an exaggerated immune response to normally harmless substances?
a) Pneumonia
b) Allergy
c) Bronchitis
d) Emphysema
Show Answer
Correct Answer: b) Allergy
Explanation: Allergy is characterized by an exaggerated immune response to normally harmless substances, known as allergens, such as pollen, dust mites, pet dander, or certain foods. When exposed to allergens, the immune system releases chemicals like histamine, triggering allergic symptoms such as sneezing, itching, nasal congestion, and respiratory difficulties.
Q32. What neurotransmitter imbalance is associated with schizophrenia?
a) Serotonin
b) Dopamine
c) Acetylcholine
d) GABA
Show Answer
Correct Answer: b) Dopamine
Explanation: Schizophrenia is associated with imbalances in neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine, a chemical messenger in the brain involved in regulating mood, behavior, and cognition. Excessive dopamine activity in certain brain regions is believed to contribute to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations and delusions.
Q33. The aura phase is a characteristic feature of:
a) Epilepsy
b) Migraine
c) Hypertension
d) Multiple sclerosis
Show Answer
Correct Answer: b) Migraine
Explanation: The aura phase is a characteristic feature of migraine headaches and refers to neurological symptoms that precede or accompany the headache phase. Aura symptoms can include visual disturbances (flashing lights, blind spots), sensory changes (tingling, numbness), or speech difficulties. Not all migraine sufferers experience aura, and it typically lasts less than an hour.
Q34. Which of the following conditions is characterized by excessive accumulation of body fat?
a) Hypoglycemia
b) Colic
c) Obesity
d) Emphysema
Show Answer
Correct Answer: c) Obesity
Explanation: Obesity is characterized by excessive accumulation of body fat, often resulting from an imbalance between calorie intake and energy expenditure. It is associated with various health risks, including heart disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, and certain cancers. Obesity is typically diagnosed based on body mass index (BMI) criteria.
Q35. What is the primary symptom of piles?
a) Fever
b) Bleeding from the rectum
c) Joint pain
d) Headache
Show Answer
Correct Answer: b) Bleeding from the rectum
Explanation: The primary symptom of piles, also known as hemorrhoids, is bleeding from the rectum during bowel movements. Other symptoms may include itching, pain, swelling, or discomfort in the anal region. Piles can be internal or external and may vary in severity depending on the degree of inflammation and prolapse.
Q36. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of rheumatism?
a) Inflammation of the liver
b) Inflammation of the joints and surrounding tissues
c) Inflammation of the kidneys
d) Inflammation of the lungs
Show Answer
Correct Answer: b) Inflammation of the joints and surrounding tissues
Explanation: Rheumatism is characterized by inflammation and pain in the joints, muscles, or connective tissues, affecting mobility and function. It encompasses various conditions such as arthritis, fibromyalgia, and lupus. Rheumatic diseases can cause stiffness, swelling, and deformities in the affected areas, leading to significant disability and impairment in quality of life.
Q37. What is the primary cause of atherosclerosis?
a) High blood pressure
b) High cholesterol levels
c) Sedentary lifestyle
d) Smoking
Show Answer
Correct Answer: b) High cholesterol levels
Explanation: Atherosclerosis is primarily caused by the buildup of plaque (composed of cholesterol, fats, calcium, and other substances) inside the arteries, leading to their hardening and narrowing. High cholesterol levels, particularly low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, contribute to plaque formation and increase the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases.
Q38. What is the main symptom of arteriosclerosis?
a) Chest pain
b) Shortness of breath
c) Leg cramps
d) Reduced blood flow to vital organs
Show Answer
Correct Answer: d) Reduced blood flow to vital organs
Explanation: Arteriosclerosis is characterized by the thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity in the arterial walls, leading to reduced blood flow to vital organs and tissues. Symptoms may vary depending on the location and severity of arterial blockages but can include chest pain (angina), leg cramps (claudication), shortness of breath, or organ dysfunction.
Q39. Uremia is a complication of:
a) Kidney failure
b) Liver failure
c) Heart failure
d) Thyroid dysfunction
Show Answer
Correct Answer: a) Kidney failure
Explanation: Uremia, also known as azotemia, is a medical condition characterized by the buildup of urea and other waste products in the blood due to impaired kidney function. It can result from acute or chronic kidney failure, leading to symptoms like fatigue, nausea, vomiting, changes in urine output, and neurological disturbances.
Q40. Glycosuria can be a sign of:
a) Diabetes mellitus
b) Kidney stones
c) Urinary tract infection
d) Hypertension
Show Answer
Correct Answer: a) Diabetes mellitus
Explanation: Glycosuria, the presence of glucose in the urine, can be a sign of diabetes mellitus, particularly when blood glucose levels exceed the renal threshold, leading to spillage of glucose into the urine. It can also occur temporarily during pregnancy or due to other conditions affecting glucose metabolism.
Q41. Which neurotransmitter imbalance is associated with Parkinson’s disease?
a) Serotonin
b) Dopamine
c) Acetylcholine
d) GABA
Show Answer
Correct Answer: b) Dopamine
Explanation: Parkinson’s disease is associated with a deficiency of dopamine, a neurotransmitter involved in regulating movement, mood, and cognition. Loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra region of the brain leads to motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability.
Q42. Which of the following is not a symptom of pneumonia?
a) Fever
b) Cough
c) Nasal congestion
d) Chest pain
Show Answer
Correct Answer: c) Nasal congestion
Explanation: Nasal congestion is not a typical symptom of pneumonia, which primarily affects the lungs and respiratory system. Common symptoms of pneumonia include fever, cough (often producing sputum), chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, and sometimes confusion, particularly in older adults or those with weakened immune systems.
Q43. Which of the following conditions is characterized by destruction of the alveoli in the lungs?
a) Pneumonia
b) Emphysema
c) Bronchitis
d) Asthma
Show Answer
Correct Answer: b) Emphysema
Explanation: Emphysema is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) characterized by damage to the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, leading to decreased lung function and airflow obstruction. This results in symptoms like shortness of breath, coughing, wheezing, and reduced exercise tolerance. Emphysema is primarily caused by smoking but can also result from genetic factors or environmental exposures.
Q44. What is the main risk factor for cancer?
a) Genetic predisposition
b) Environmental factors
c) Lifestyle choices
d) All of the above
Show Answer
Correct Answer: d) All of the above
Explanation: Cancer risk is influenced by a combination of factors, including genetic predisposition, environmental exposures (such as tobacco smoke, ultraviolet radiation, or carcinogenic chemicals), and lifestyle choices (such as diet, physical activity, and alcohol consumption). While some factors are beyond individual control, adopting healthy behaviors can help reduce cancer risk.
Q45. What is the primary symptom of filariasis?
a) Skin rash
b) Swelling of the limbs
c) Joint pain
d) Chronic cough
Show Answer
Correct Answer: b) Swelling of the limbs
Explanation: Filariasis, also known as lymphatic filariasis or elephantiasis, is characterized by swelling of the limbs or other body parts due to obstruction of lymphatic vessels by filarial worms. This results in lymphedema, enlargement of body tissues, and skin changes. Other symptoms may include recurrent fevers, skin lesions, and secondary bacterial infections.
Q46. Which of the following is not a symptom of schizophrenia?
a) Hallucinations
b) Delusions
c) Mood swings
d) Catatonia
Show Answer
Correct Answer: c) Mood swings
Explanation: Mood swings are not a typical symptom of schizophrenia, a severe mental disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and impaired social or occupational functioning. Mood symptoms such as depression or mania may occur in some individuals with schizophrenia but are not diagnostic criteria for the disorder.
Q47. What is the main symptom of epilepsy?
a) Muscle weakness
b) Seizures
c) Memory loss
d) Difficulty sleeping
Show Answer
Correct Answer: b) Seizures
Explanation: Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures, which are sudden, uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain. Seizure symptoms can vary widely, from staring spells or brief muscle jerks to convulsions and loss of consciousness. The type and severity of seizures depend on the specific areas of the brain affected and may be triggered by various factors.
Q48. What is the primary symptom of diplopia?
a) Blurred vision
b) Double vision
c) Tunnel vision
d) Night blindness
Show Answer
Correct Answer: b) Double vision
Explanation: Diplopia, also known as double vision, is a condition in which a person sees two images of a single object. It can occur in one or both eyes and may be constant or intermittent. Diplopia can be caused by various factors, including eye muscle weakness, nerve damage, or certain health conditions.
Q49. Which of the following is not a risk factor for bronchitis?
a) Smoking
b) Exposure to air pollution
c) Allergy
d) Regular exercise
Show Answer
Correct Answer: d) Regular exercise
Explanation: Regular exercise is not a risk factor for bronchitis; in fact, it may have protective effects on lung health. Bronchitis risk factors include smoking, exposure to air pollution or irritants, respiratory infections, and certain occupational exposures (such as working with dust or chemicals). Allergies may trigger bronchitis in some individuals, particularly those with allergic asthma.
Q50. Which of the following is not a symptom of colds?
a) Fever
b) Sneezing
c) Sore throat
d) Difficulty breathing
Show Answer
Correct Answer: d) Difficulty breathing
Explanation: Difficulty breathing is not a typical symptom of colds, which are viral infections affecting the upper respiratory tract. Common cold symptoms include fever, sneezing, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, coughing, fatigue, and mild body aches. Cold symptoms usually resolve within a week with rest and supportive care. Difficulty breathing may indicate a more severe respiratory illness such as pneumonia or bronchitis.