Q41. Epigynous flower is characterized by:
a) Ovary superior
b) Ovary inferior
c) Ovary half-inferior
d) Ovary free
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Correct Answer: b) Ovary inferior
Explanation: In an epigynous flower, the ovary is inferior, meaning it is embedded in the thalamus, and other floral parts (sepals, petals, stamens) appear to arise from above the ovary. Examples include guava, cucumber, and ray florets of sunflower. Hypogynous flowers have superior ovary, perigynous have half-inferior, and free ovary is not a standard term related to flower types.
Q42. Perigynous flower is characterized by:
a) Ovary superior
b) Ovary inferior
c) Ovary half-inferior
d) Ovary completely enclosed
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Correct Answer: c) Ovary half-inferior
Explanation: In a perigynous flower, the ovary is half-inferior. The thalamus forms a cup-shaped structure enclosing the ovary partially, and other floral parts (sepals, petals, stamens) are attached around the rim of the thalamus, at approximately the same level as the ovary. Examples are plum, rose, and peach. Hypogynous has superior ovary, and epigynous has inferior ovary.
Q43. Aestivation refers to:
a) Arrangement of sepals or petals in floral bud
b) Arrangement of ovules in ovary
c) Arrangement of flowers on inflorescence axis
d) Arrangement of tissues in a stem
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Correct Answer: a) Arrangement of sepals or petals in floral bud
Explanation: Aestivation refers to the mode of arrangement of sepals or petals in a floral bud with respect to other members of the same whorl. Common types are valvate, twisted, imbricate, and vexillary. Placentation is ovule arrangement in ovary, inflorescence describes flower arrangement, and tissue arrangement refers to anatomy.
Q44. In valvate aestivation, sepals or petals in a whorl:
a) Overlap each other
b) Just touch each other at the margins without overlapping
c) Are twisted
d) Are imbricate
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Correct Answer: b) Just touch each other at the margins without overlapping
Explanation: In valvate aestivation, sepals or petals in a whorl just touch each other at the margins without overlapping, like in Calotropis. Twisted aestivation has margins of petals/sepals overlapping in a regular spiral manner. Imbricate has irregular overlapping, and vexillary is butterfly-shaped with one large petal overlapping two lateral and two smallest anterior petals.
Q45. In twisted aestivation, the margins of sepals or petals:
a) Touch each other
b) Overlap in a regular spiral manner
c) Overlap irregularly
d) Do not touch or overlap
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Correct Answer: b) Overlap in a regular spiral manner
Explanation: In twisted aestivation, one margin of each sepal or petal overlaps the next one and the other margin is overlapped by the previous one, in a regular spiral or winding manner, as in china rose, lady’s finger and cotton. Valvate just touches, imbricate is irregular overlap, and open aestivation has gap between margins (not a standard term in this context, more related to flower opening).
Q46. The standard petal in vexillary aestivation is also called:
a) Wing
b) Keel
c) Vexillum
d) Carina
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Correct Answer: c) Vexillum
Explanation: In vexillary (papilionaceous) aestivation, typical of pea and bean flowers, there are five petals: the largest posterior petal is called standard or vexillum, two lateral petals are wings or alae, and two anterior petals are smallest and fused to form keel or carina. Wing and keel are also terms for petals in vexillary aestivation, but standard petal is specifically vexillum. Carina is synonym for keel.
Q47. Androecium is the whorl of:
a) Sepals
b) Petals
c) Stamens
d) Carpels
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Correct Answer: c) Stamens
Explanation: Androecium is the third whorl of a flower, composed of stamens. Each stamen typically consists of anther and filament and represents the male reproductive unit of the flower. Sepals form calyx, petals form corolla, and carpels form gynoecium.
Q48. Gynoecium is the whorl of:
a) Stamens
b) Petals
c) Sepals
d) Carpels
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Correct Answer: d) Carpels
Explanation: Gynoecium is the innermost whorl of a flower, composed of carpels. A carpel is the female reproductive unit and consists of stigma, style, and ovary. Stamens form androecium, petals form corolla, and sepals form calyx.
Q49. The part of stamen that produces pollen grains is:
a) Filament
b) Anther
c) Connective
d) Staminode
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Correct Answer: b) Anther
Explanation: Anther is the terminal, usually bilobed part of the stamen. Within the anther, microsporangia (pollen sacs) are present, which produce pollen grains through meiosis. Filament is stalk of stamen, connective connects anther lobes, and staminode is a sterile stamen.
Q50. When stamens are attached to petals, the condition is called:
a) Epipetalous
b) Epiphyllous
c) Polyandrous
d) Monadelphous
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Correct Answer: a) Epipetalous
Explanation: Epipetalous condition is when stamens are attached to petals, e.g., in brinjal. Epiphyllous condition is when stamens are attached to perianth (tepals), seen in lily. Polyandrous condition is when stamens are free. Monadelphous condition is when stamens are united into one bundle.