Q21. What is the process by which an object’s temperature increases due to absorption of electromagnetic radiation?
a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
d) Insulation
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Correct Answer: c) Radiation
Explanation: Radiation is the transfer of heat energy through electromagnetic waves, such as light, infrared radiation, or radio waves. When an object absorbs radiation, its temperature increases as it converts the electromagnetic energy into thermal energy.
Q22. Which process involves the separation of a mixture into its individual components based on differences in their physical properties?
a) Filtration
b) Distillation
c) Chromatography
d) Sublimation
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Correct Answer: b) Distillation
Explanation: Distillation is a separation process that involves heating a mixture to vaporize its components and then condensing the vapor back into liquid form. It is based on the differences in the boiling points of the substances in the mixture.
Q23. What is the process by which solid particles are removed from a liquid by passing it through a porous material?
a) Filtration
b) Sedimentation
c) Decantation
d) Distillation
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Correct Answer: a) Filtration
Explanation: Filtration is a separation process used to remove solid particles from a liquid or gas by passing it through a porous medium, such as filter paper or a filter bed. The solid particles are retained by the filter, while the liquid or gas passes through.
Q24. Which process involves the movement of sediment by wind, water, or ice?
a) Erosion
b) Weathering
c) Deposition
d) Sedimentation
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Correct Answer: a) Erosion
Explanation: Erosion is the process by which sediment, soil, or rock is loosened, transported, and displaced by natural agents such as water, wind, glaciers, or gravity. It plays a significant role in shaping the Earth’s surface over geological time scales.
Q25. What is the process by which dissolved solutes are removed from a solution by passing it through a selectively permeable membrane?
a) Osmosis
b) Dialysis
c) Diffusion
d) Filtration
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Correct Answer: b) Dialysis
Explanation: Dialysis is a process used to remove dissolved solutes from a solution by allowing them to diffuse across a selectively permeable membrane. It is commonly used in medical treatments for patients with kidney failure to remove waste products from their blood.
Q26. Which process involves the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen?
a) Fermentation
b) Aerobic respiration
c) Anaerobic respiration
d) Decomposition
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Correct Answer: a) Fermentation
Explanation: Fermentation is an anaerobic metabolic process by which organic compounds, such as sugars or carbohydrates, are converted into simpler substances, such as alcohol or lactic acid, by microorganisms. It is used in various food and beverage production processes, such as brewing, winemaking, and bread baking.
Q27. What is the process by which a liquid is converted into a gas at its boiling point throughout the entire volume?
a) Evaporation
b) Vaporization
c) Condensation
d) Sublimation
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Correct Answer: b) Vaporization
Explanation: Vaporization is the process by which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas at its boiling point throughout its entire volume. This includes both boiling, which occurs at the substance’s boiling point under standard atmospheric pressure, and evaporation, which occurs below the boiling point.
Q28. Which process involves the conversion of glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide by yeast or bacteria?
a) Fermentation
b) Respiration
c) Photosynthesis
d) Decomposition
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Correct Answer: a) Fermentation
Explanation: Fermentation is a metabolic process by which microorganisms, such as yeast or bacteria, convert sugars or carbohydrates into alcohol (e.g., ethanol) and carbon dioxide in the absence of oxygen. It is used in the production of alcoholic beverages, biofuels, and various food products.
Q29. What is the process by which two complementary strands of DNA unwind and separate to serve as templates for DNA replication?
a) Transcription
b) Translation
c) Replication
d) Recombination
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Correct Answer: c) Replication
Explanation: DNA replication is the process by which a cell duplicates its DNA to produce two identical copies. It occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle and involves the unwinding and separation of the DNA double helix, followed by the synthesis of new complementary strands using each original strand as a template.
Q30. Which process involves the synthesis of proteins using mRNA as a template and occurs at the ribosomes?
a) Transcription
b) Translation
c) Replication
d) Recombination
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Correct Answer: b) Translation
Explanation: Translation is the process by which the genetic information encoded in mRNA is translated into a specific sequence of amino acids to form a protein. It occurs at the ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm and involves the participation of transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules carrying amino acids.