Q11. What is the process by which rocks are broken down into smaller fragments by physical or chemical means?
a) Weathering
b) Erosion
c) Deposition
d) Sedimentation
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Correct Answer: a) Weathering
Explanation: Weathering is the process by which rocks are broken down into smaller particles or dissolved through exposure to physical, chemical, or biological factors such as temperature changes, water, wind, and living organisms.
Q12. Which process involves the movement of Earth’s tectonic plates resulting in the formation of mountains, earthquakes, and volcanic activity?
a) Plate tectonics
b) Erosion
c) Weathering
d) Subduction
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Correct Answer: a) Plate tectonics
Explanation: Plate tectonics is the geological process by which Earth’s lithosphere is divided into large, rigid plates that float on the semi-fluid asthenosphere. The movement and interaction of these plates result in various geological phenomena such as mountain formation, earthquakes, and volcanic activity.
Q13. What is the process by which an organism’s DNA is copied to produce a complementary strand of RNA?
a) Transcription
b) Translation
c) Replication
d) Recombination
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Correct Answer: a) Transcription
Explanation: Transcription is the process by which the genetic information encoded in DNA is transcribed into a complementary strand of messenger RNA (mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase. This mRNA serves as a template for protein synthesis during translation.
Q14. Which process involves the conversion of organic matter into simpler substances by microorganisms?
a) Decomposition
b) Photosynthesis
c) Digestion
d) Fermentation
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Correct Answer: a) Decomposition
Explanation: Decomposition is the biological process by which organic matter, such as dead plants and animals, is broken down into simpler substances by decomposers such as bacteria, fungi, and detritivores. This process plays a crucial role in nutrient cycling and soil formation.
Q15. What is the process by which light is bent or refracted as it passes from one medium to another?
a) Reflection
b) Diffusion
c) Refraction
d) Absorption
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Correct Answer: c) Refraction
Explanation: Refraction is the bending of light as it passes from one transparent medium to another with a different optical density. This bending occurs due to the change in the speed of light, causing the light ray to change direction.
Q16. Which process involves the splitting of a heavy atomic nucleus into smaller nuclei, releasing a large amount of energy?
a) Fusion
b) Fission
c) Combustion
d) Transmutation
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Correct Answer: b) Fission
Explanation: Nuclear fission is the process by which a heavy atomic nucleus, such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239, is split into smaller nuclei, along with the release of energy and neutrons. This process is utilized in nuclear power plants and nuclear weapons.
Q17. What is the process by which an electric current passes through a gas, causing it to emit light?
a) Fluorescence
b) Incandescence
c) Ionization
d) Luminescence
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Correct Answer: d) Luminescence
Explanation: Luminescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed energy from an external source, such as electricity or radiation. In the case of electric discharge, an electric current passing through a gas can cause it to emit light, known as gas discharge or glow discharge.
Q18. Which process involves the conversion of a liquid into a gas at temperatures below its boiling point?
a) Evaporation
b) Condensation
c) Sublimation
d) Vaporization
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Correct Answer: a) Evaporation
Explanation: Evaporation is the process by which a liquid substance changes into a gaseous state at temperatures below its boiling point. This occurs when molecules at the liquid’s surface gain enough kinetic energy to overcome the attractive forces holding them together and escape into the air as vapor.
Q19. What is the process by which an electric current flows through a material, resulting in the generation of heat?
a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
d) Resistance heating
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Correct Answer: d) Resistance heating
Explanation: Resistance heating is the process by which heat is generated when an electric current passes through a material with resistance, such as a wire or resistor. The resistance of the material causes the electric energy to be converted into heat energy.
Q20. Which process involves the transfer of heat energy through the movement of fluid particles?
a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
d) Insulation
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Correct Answer: b) Convection
Explanation: Convection is the transfer of heat energy through the movement of fluid particles, such as air or water, due to density differences caused by temperature variations. This process plays a significant role in atmospheric circulation, ocean currents, and heating systems.