Q31. Which part of the digestive system is primarily involved in the absorption of vitamin B12?
a) Stomach
b) Small intestine
c) Large intestine
d) Liver
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Correct Answer: b) Small intestine
Explanation: The absorption of vitamin B12 primarily occurs in the small intestine, specifically in the last part, known as the ileum. Vitamin B12 absorption requires intrinsic factor, a protein secreted by the stomach, to bind with vitamin B12 and allow its absorption.
Q32. The process of swallowing is also known as:
a) Mastication
b) Peristalsis
c) Deglutition
d) Regurgitation
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Correct Answer: c) Deglutition
Explanation: Deglutition is the technical term for swallowing, the process by which food passes from the mouth, through the pharynx, into the esophagus. It is a complex action involving voluntary and involuntary muscle movements.
Q33. Which hormone stimulates the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas?
a) Gastrin
b) Secretin
c) Cholecystokinin (CCK)
d) Insulin
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Correct Answer: c) Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Explanation: Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone that stimulates the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas. It also stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder to release stored bile, aiding in fat digestion.
Q34. What is the role of the hormone gastrin in digestion?
a) It breaks down fats
b) It stimulates the release of bile
c) It stimulates gastric acid secretion
d) It inhibits peristalsis
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Correct Answer: c) It stimulates gastric acid secretion
Explanation: Gastrin is a hormone that stimulates the secretion of gastric acid (hydrochloric acid) by the parietal cells of the stomach. It is essential for the digestion of proteins and the absorption of vitamin B12.
Q35. The primary function of intestinal microvilli is to:
a) Secrete digestive enzymes
b) Increase surface area for absorption
c) Protect against pathogens
d) Move food through the intestines
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Correct Answer: b) Increase surface area for absorption
Explanation: Microvilli are tiny, finger-like projections found on the surface of the intestinal villi in the small intestine. They significantly increase the surface area for absorption, enhancing the absorption of nutrients.
Q36. In which section of the digestive system is lactose intolerance most directly affected?
a) Stomach
b) Small intestine
c) Large intestine
d) Mouth
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Correct Answer: b) Small intestine
Explanation: Lactose intolerance is most directly affected in the small intestine. This condition occurs when the small intestine does not produce enough of the enzyme lactase, which is necessary to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk and dairy products.
Q37. The condition characterized by inflammation of the liver is known as:
a) Cirrhosis
b) Hepatitis
c) Cholecystitis
d) Pancreatitis
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Correct Answer: b) Hepatitis
Explanation: Hepatitis refers to inflammation of the liver, often caused by viral infections, toxins, certain medications, and heavy alcohol use. It can lead to a range of health problems, including liver damage and cirrhosis.
Q38. What is the main purpose of the esophagus in the digestive system?
a) To absorb nutrients
b) To produce digestive enzymes
c) To transport food from the mouth to the stomach
d) To store undigested food
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Correct Answer: c) To transport food from the mouth to the stomach
Explanation: The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. Its main function is to transport food and liquid from the mouth to the stomach through peristaltic movements.
Q39. Which condition is characterized by difficulty in passing stools or infrequent stools?
a) Diarrhea
b) Constipation
c) Gastroenteritis
d) Irritable bowel syndrome
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Correct Answer: b) Constipation
Explanation: Constipation is a condition characterized by difficulty in passing stools or having infrequent bowel movements. It occurs when the colon absorbs too much water from the stool, making it hard and dry.
Q40. The enzyme lipase, which is important for fat digestion, is produced by the:
a) Liver
b) Stomach
c) Pancreas
d) Small intestine
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Correct Answer: c) Pancreas
Explanation: Lipase is an enzyme produced by the pancreas that is essential for the digestion of fats. It breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol, making them easier to absorb in the intestines.