Q41. Which of the following structures is responsible for the regulation of blood pressure and filtration of blood in the kidney?
a) Glomerulus
b) Renal pelvis
c) Renal cortex
d) Loop of Henle
Show Answer
Correct Answer: a) Glomerulus
Explanation: The glomerulus is a network of capillaries located within Bowman’s capsule in the renal cortex of the kidney. It is responsible for the filtration of blood, allowing water, ions, glucose, and other small molecules to pass through while retaining larger molecules like proteins. Additionally, the glomerulus plays a role in regulating blood pressure.
Q42. Which part of the nephron is responsible for the reabsorption of water, glucose, amino acids, and ions from the filtrate?
a) Glomerulus
b) Bowman’s capsule
c) Proximal convoluted tubule
d) Distal convoluted tubule
Show Answer
Correct Answer: c) Proximal convoluted tubule
Explanation: The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is responsible for the reabsorption of water, glucose, amino acids, and ions from the filtrate back into the bloodstream. It is lined with microvilli and has numerous transporters to facilitate the reabsorption of these essential substances.
Q43. Which hormone is responsible for the regulation of sodium and potassium balance in the body by acting on the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts?
a) Aldosterone
b) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
c) Renin
d) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Show Answer
Correct Answer: a) Aldosterone
Explanation: Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that regulates sodium and potassium balance in the body. It acts on the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts of the nephron to increase sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion, thereby regulating blood pressure and blood volume.
Q44. Which part of the nephron is responsible for establishing and maintaining the osmotic gradient necessary for the formation of concentrated urine?
a) Glomerulus
b) Bowman’s capsule
c) Loop of Henle
d) Distal convoluted tubule
Show Answer
Correct Answer: c) Loop of Henle
Explanation: The Loop of Henle, particularly its descending and ascending limbs, is responsible for establishing and maintaining the osmotic gradient necessary for the formation of concentrated urine. This gradient allows for the reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts under the influence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
Q45. What is the primary function of the collecting duct in the kidney?
a) Filtration of blood
b) Reabsorption of water and solutes
c) Secretion of waste products
d) Concentration of urine
Show Answer
Correct Answer: d) Concentration of urine
Explanation: The collecting duct is responsible for the final concentration or dilution of urine before it is excreted from the body. It reabsorbs water and solutes under the influence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), thereby adjusting urine concentration based on the body’s hydration status.
Q46. Which hormone regulates water balance in the body by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys?
a) Aldosterone
b) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
c) Renin
d) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Show Answer
Correct Answer: b) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Explanation: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, regulates water balance in the body by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys. It acts on the collecting ducts to make them more permeable to water, thereby reducing urine volume and conserving water.
Q47. Which of the following substances is primarily responsible for maintaining the acid-base balance in the body through renal excretion?
a) Urea
b) Ammonia
c) Bicarbonate ions
d) Creatinine
Show Answer
Correct Answer: c) Bicarbonate ions
Explanation: Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) play a crucial role in maintaining the acid-base balance (pH) of the body. The kidneys regulate blood pH by reabsorbing filtered bicarbonate ions and secreting hydrogen ions into urine, thereby controlling the bicarbonate buffer system and acid-base equilibrium.
Q48. Which of the following hormones stimulates the production of red blood cells in response to low oxygen levels?
a) Aldosterone
b) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
c) Erythropoietin
d) Insulin
Show Answer
Correct Answer: c) Erythropoietin
Explanation: Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in the blood. It stimulates the production of red blood cells (erythropoiesis) in the bone marrow, helping to increase oxygen-carrying capacity and improve tissue oxygenation.
Q49. What is the function of the renal pelvis in the kidney?
a) Filtration of blood
b) Reabsorption of water
c) Storage of urine
d) Transportation of urine
Show Answer
Correct Answer: d) Transportation of urine
Explanation: The renal pelvis is a funnel-shaped structure in the kidney that collects urine from the renal tubules and transports it to the ureter for excretion. It serves as a reservoir for urine before it is expelled from the body through the urinary tract.
Q50. Which of the following substances is a byproduct of muscle metabolism that is excreted by the kidneys and gives urine its characteristic yellow color?
a) Urea
b) Bilirubin
c) Hemoglobin
d) Urochrome
Show Answer
Correct Answer: d) Urochrome
Explanation: Urochrome is a waste product of hemoglobin breakdown and muscle metabolism. It is excreted by the kidneys and gives urine its characteristic yellow color. The intensity of urine color can vary depending on factors such as hydration status and dietary intake.