Q31. Which of the following blood types is compatible with all others in transfusions of red blood cells?
a) A+
b) AB+
c) B-
d) O-
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Correct Answer: d) O-
Explanation: O- blood type is known as the universal donor for red blood cell transfusions because it lacks A, B, and Rh antigens, reducing the risk of a transfusion reaction in the recipient.
Q32. Which of the following elements is essential for the production of hemoglobin?
a) Calcium
b) Iron
c) Potassium
d) Sodium
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Correct Answer: b) Iron
Explanation: Iron is a vital element in the production of hemoglobin, the molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen. Iron binds with heme (a component of hemoglobin) to transport oxygen efficiently throughout the body.
Q33. Anemia is primarily characterized by a deficiency in:
a) White blood cells
b) Red blood cells
c) Platelets
d) Plasma
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Correct Answer: b) Red blood cells
Explanation: Anemia is characterized by a deficiency in the number or quality of red blood cells, which leads to a reduced ability of the blood to carry oxygen to the body’s tissues. It often results from a lack of iron, leading to reduced hemoglobin production.
Q34. Which component of blood helps in regulating body temperature?
a) Plasma
b) Red blood cells
c) White blood cells
d) Platelets
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Correct Answer: a) Plasma
Explanation: Plasma plays a key role in regulating body temperature. It absorbs and redistributes the heat generated by the body’s metabolic activities, helping maintain a stable internal temperature.
Q35. Which type of white blood cell is most abundant in the human blood?
a) Neutrophils
b) Lymphocytes
c) Eosinophils
d) Monocytes
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Correct Answer: a) Neutrophils
Explanation: Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cells in human blood, comprising about 50-70% of all white blood cells. They play a vital role in the immune response, especially in combating bacterial infections.
Q36. The process of blood clotting is also known as:
a) Hemolysis
b) Coagulation
c) Transfusion
d) Hematopoiesis
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Correct Answer: b) Coagulation
Explanation: Coagulation is the process of blood clotting, which is a complex series of events that lead to the transformation of liquid blood into a solid clot. This process is crucial for stopping bleeding when blood vessels are injured.
Q37. Blood pH levels below the normal range can lead to a condition known as:
a) Hyperglycemia
b) Acidosis
c) Alkalosis
d) Hypoxemia
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Correct Answer: b) Acidosis
Explanation: Acidosis refers to a condition where the pH level of the blood falls below the normal range (7.35-7.45), making it too acidic. This can occur due to increased production of acid in the body or the failure of the body to remove acid effectively.
Q38. What is the average volume of blood in an adult human body?
a) 1-2 liters
b) 3-4 liters
c) 5-6 liters
d) 7-8 liters
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Correct Answer: c) 5-6 liters
Explanation: The average volume of blood in an adult human body is approximately 5-6 liters. This volume can vary depending on factors like age, gender, and body size, but it generally represents about 7-8% of total body weight.
Q39. Sickle cell anemia is caused by a mutation affecting:
a) White blood cell production
b) Platelet shape
c) Hemoglobin structure
d) Plasma composition
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Correct Answer: c) Hemoglobin structure
Explanation: Sickle cell anemia is caused by a genetic mutation that affects the structure of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying component of red blood cells. This mutation causes red blood cells to assume a sickle shape, which can block blood flow and lead to various complications.
Q40. The main function of anticoagulants in the blood is to:
a) Promote blood clotting
b) Fight infections
c) Prevent blood clot formation
d) Increase oxygen delivery
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Correct Answer: c) Prevent blood clot formation
Explanation: Anticoagulants are substances in the blood that help to prevent the formation of blood clots. They work by inhibiting the proteins responsible for blood coagulation, thus ensuring smooth blood flow through the vessels.