Q1. What is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy?
a) Photosynthesis
b) Respiration
c) Fermentation
d) Transpiration
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Correct Answer: a) Photosynthesis
Explanation: Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose. This process occurs in chloroplasts, where chlorophyll captures sunlight, and carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose and oxygen.
Q2. Which process involves the breakdown of glucose to release energy in cells?
a) Photosynthesis
b) Respiration
c) Fermentation
d) Transpiration
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Correct Answer: b) Respiration
Explanation: Cellular respiration is the process by which cells break down glucose and other organic molecules to produce energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). It occurs in the mitochondria of cells and involves three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
Q3. What is the process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells?
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) Fission
d) Budding
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Correct Answer: a) Mitosis
Explanation: Mitosis is a process of cell division in which a parent cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells. It plays a crucial role in growth, repair, and asexual reproduction in multicellular organisms.
Q4. Which process involves the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote?
a) Fertilization
b) Pollination
c) Germination
d) Budding
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Correct Answer: a) Fertilization
Explanation: Fertilization is the process by which the male gamete (sperm) fuses with the female gamete (egg) to form a diploid zygote. This process is essential for sexual reproduction in plants and animals.
Q5. What is the process by which a seed sprouts and begins to grow into a seedling?
a) Germination
b) Photosynthesis
c) Pollination
d) Transpiration
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Correct Answer: a) Germination
Explanation: Germination is the process by which a seed begins to grow into a new plant. It involves the activation of metabolic processes within the seed, leading to the emergence of a root and shoot system.
Q6. Which process involves the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes?
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis
c) Fission
d) Binary fusion
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Correct Answer: b) Meiosis
Explanation: Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes (sperm and egg cells) with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. It involves two rounds of division and results in genetic diversity due to the crossing over and random assortment of chromosomes.
Q7. What is the process by which water moves through a plant and evaporates from its surface?
a) Transpiration
b) Respiration
c) Photosynthesis
d) Absorption
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Correct Answer: a) Transpiration
Explanation: Transpiration is the process by which water is absorbed by plant roots, moves through the plant, and evaporates from its leaves or other aerial parts. It plays a crucial role in the transport of water and nutrients and in cooling the plant.
Q8. Which process involves the conversion of nitrogen gas into ammonia by nitrogen-fixing bacteria?
a) Nitrogen fixation
b) Nitrification
c) Denitrification
d) Ammonification
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Correct Answer: a) Nitrogen fixation
Explanation: Nitrogen fixation is the process by which nitrogen gas (N2) from the atmosphere is converted into ammonia (NH3) by nitrogen-fixing bacteria. This ammonia can then be used by plants to synthesize proteins and other nitrogen-containing compounds.
Q9. What is the process by which a solid changes directly into a gas without passing through the liquid state?
a) Sublimation
b) Condensation
c) Evaporation
d) Vaporization
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Correct Answer: a) Sublimation
Explanation: Sublimation is the process by which a solid substance transitions directly into a gaseous state without passing through the liquid phase. This occurs under specific temperature and pressure conditions where the substance’s vapor pressure exceeds its triple point.
Q10. Which process involves the conversion of light energy into electrical energy in photovoltaic cells?
a) Photosynthesis
b) Electromagnetism
c) Solar energy conversion
d) Fermentation
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Correct Answer: c) Solar energy conversion
Explanation: Solar energy conversion refers to the process of converting sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic cells or solar panels. These cells contain semiconductor materials that generate an electric current when exposed to light.